Freud was a neurologist who began his career being interested in hypnosis and its use in treating mentally ill. Later, but remained on the therapy aspects of this technique, replaced by free association and dream analysis to develop what is currently known as "the talking cure."
Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis.
This became the starting point of psychoanalysis. Freud was especially interested in what was then called hysteria and neurosis.
Freud's theories and the treatment given to patients caused a stir in Vienna of the nineteenth century and the debate over them continues at the present time.
His ideas are often discussed and criticized, and his work is interpreted rather as belonging to the field of literature and culture. In addition, a wide debate on whether psychoanalysis and treatments associated with it belong to science.
The Freud divided on examples can be summarized as follows: first, convinced his followers consider him "a great medical scientist who discovered important truths about human psychology."
other hand, critics see it as "a visionary philosopher restated human nature and helped to break down taboos, but his theories, released as science, fail to close examination."
Freud was born in 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia (now, Pribor in the Czech Republic). He was the eldest of three brothers and five sisters. He also had half siblings from a previous marriage of his father. While still a child, his family moved to Vienna because of anti-Jewish riots.
Although Freud came from a family of modest means, his parents struggled to gain a good education. He joined the University of Vienna at age 17. There he studied despite the presence of anti-Semitism in Austria. In 1877, he shortened his name from Sigismund Schlomo Freud Sigmund Freud.
Freud's early years are little known as it destroyed his personal papers twice, the first time in 1885 and again in 1907.
In 1886, Freud married and opened a private practice specializing in disorders nerve, where he started his practice to treat hysteria and neurosis using hypnosis techniques in patients as Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.) and Emma Eckstein (Irma).
later abandoned this method in favor of free association. Observed that could reduce symptoms of patients lying on a sofa and encouraging them to express the first thing that came to mind. From that moment began to develop the foundations of psychoanalysis.
After publishing several articles on his research, Freud was appointed professor at the University of Vienna in 1900. Began to recruit people who joined the psychoanalytic movement beginning to be defined. Freud had little tolerance for colleagues who disagreed with their theoretical doctrines, and some eventually separated. The best known examples are Carl Gustav Jung and Wilhelm Reich.
In 1938, after the annexation (Anschluss) of Austria by Nazi Germany, Freud escaped with his family to England, with financial help from his patient and family, Marie Bonaparte.
After crossing the German border was required to sign a statement which claimed that he had been treated with respect by the Nazi regime.
died in 1939 due to an overdose of morphine injected by a colleague at the request of Freud himself, who could not tolerate the discomfort of suffering cancer of the jaw.
Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund, was also a prominent psychoanalyst, particularly in the field of children and psychological development.
Sigmund Freud is the grandfather of painter Lucian Freud and actor and writer Clement Freud, and great-grandfather of journalist Emma Freud, fashion designer Bella Freud and public-relations Matthew Freud.
Freud innovated into two camps. Simultaneously, he developed a theory of mind and human behavior, and a therapeutic technique to help people with mental disorders. Some of his followers claim to be influenced by one, but not by another field.
Probably the most significant contribution Freud has made to modern thought is to try to give the concept of the unconscious (which became Eduard von Hartmann, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche) a scientific status (not shared by several branches of science and psychology.)
His concepts of the unconscious, unconscious desire and repression were revolutionaries propose a divided mind in layers, to some extent dominated by primitive desires that are hidden to the consciousness and manifested in the slips and dreams.
In his most famous work, "Interpretation of Dreams, Freud explains the argument to apply the new model of the unconscious and develops a method to get access to it, taking elements from their previous experience with hypnosis techniques.
As part of his theory, Freud postulated also the existence of a preconscious, which describes how the layer between the conscious and the unconscious (subconscious is the term popularly used, but not part of psychoanalytical terminology.)
repression, meanwhile, has great importance knowledge of the unconscious. According to Freud, people often experience thoughts and feelings that are so painful that can not support them. These thoughts and feelings (as well as the memories associated with them) can not, as stated, be expelled from the mind, but can be removed from the conscious to the unconscious part.
Although throughout his career Freud tried to find patterns of repression among his patients that led to a general model for the mind, noted that its various different facts suppressed patients.
further noted that the process of repression is itself an act is conscious (ie not occur through the intention of the conscious thoughts or feelings). In other words, the unconscious was both cause and effect of repression.
Freud sought an explanation of the modus operandi of the unconscious, suggesting a particular structure. Proposed an unconscious divided into three parts: the self or ego, the id or id and superego.
this represents the primitive processes of thought and is, according to Freud, the engine of thought and human behavior. Contains our thoughts and desires of most primitive gratification of sexual and perverse.
The superego, the part that counteracts it represents the moral and ethical thoughts.
The self remains between them, alternating our needs primitive and our ethical and moral beliefs. Is the instance that is part of consciousness. A healthy gives me the ability to adapt to reality and interact with the outside world in a way that is comfortable for the id and superego.
Freud was especially interested in the dynamics of these three parts of the mind.
argued that this relationship is influenced by innate factors or energy, he called drives. Described two conflicting instincts: Eros, a sex drive aimed at the preservation of life, and Thanatos, the death instinct.
The latter represents an aggressive motion, but sometimes resolved in a drive that leads us back to a state of calm, the principle of nirvana or non-existence, which based on his studies of protozoa ("Beyond the Pleasure Principle").
Freud also believed that the libido matured in individuals by changing its object (or target). He argued that humans are born "polymorphically perverse", meaning that a variety of objects can be a source of pleasure.
As people are developing, are being fixed on specific objects in different stages: the oral stage (exemplified by the pleasure of babies in infancy); anal stage (exemplified by the pleasure of children to control their bowel movements), and then phallic stage.
suggested then that there comes a time when children move into a phase that sets the parent of the opposite sex (Oedipus complex) and developed a model that explains how it fits this pattern in the development of dynamic of mind.
Each stage is a progression to sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay need gratification.
psychosexual model he developed has been criticized on several fronts.
Some have attacked Freud's claim the existence of infantile sexuality (and, implicitly, the expansion that made the notion of sexuality).
Other authors, however, consider that Freud did not extend the knowledge about sexuality (which had a history in psychiatry and philosophy of writers such as Schopenhauer, who read plenty albeit belatedly), but Freud "neurotic" sexuality to relate to concepts such as incest, perversion and mental illness. Science
as anthropology and sociology have argued that the development pattern proposed by Freud is not universal or necessary in the development of mental health, calling ethnocentric por omitir determinantes socio-culturales.
Freud esperaba probar que su modelo, basado en observaciones de la clase media austríaca, fuese universalmente válido. Utilizó la mitología griega y la etnografía contemporánea como modelos comparativos. Acudió al "Edipo Rey" de Sófocles para indicar que el ser humano desea el incesto de forma natural y cómo es reprimido ese deseo.
El complejo de Edipo fue descrito como una fase del desarrollo psicosexual y de madurez. También se fijó en los estudios antropológicos de totemismo, argumentando que refleja una costumbre ritualizada del complejo de Edipo (“Tótem y tabú”).
Incorporó también en su teoría concepts of Catholicism and Judaism, as well as early Victorian society of repression, sexuality and morality, and other biological and hydro. He hoped his research would provide a sound scientific basis for his therapeutic method.
The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, relating concepts of Cartesian mind and hydraulics, move (through free association and dream interpretation) thoughts and feelings repressed (explained as a form of energy) to the conscious to allow the subject to the catharsis which would cause the automatic cure.
Another important element of psychoanalysis is the relatively little intervention of the psychoanalyst to the patient can project his thoughts and feelings in the psychoanalyst. Through this process, called "transference, the patient can reconstruct and resolve repressed conflicts (cause of his illness), especially childhood conflicts with their parents.
less known is Freud's interest in neurology. Early in his career had investigated cerebral palsy. Published numerous medical articles in the field. It also showed that the disease existed far before other researchers of his time had heard of it and explore.
also suggested that it was wrong for this disease, which had described William Little (British orthopedic surgeon), have caused by a lack of oxygen during birth.
Instead, he said that complications in birth were only a symptom of the problem. It was not until the 1980s when his speculations were confirmed by modern researchers.
From the point of view of medicine, Freudian theory and practice have been replaced by the empirical findings over the years. Psychiatry and psychology as a science today rejected most of Freud's work. No But many people continue to learn and practice the traditional Freudian psychoanalysis.
In the field of modern psychoanalysis, Freud's word continues to play a decisive, although their claims appear reinterpreted by authors such as Jacques Lacan and Melanie Klein.
Sigmund Freud and his theories have received a lot of criticism from various authors: Karl Popper criticizes him in his work on the philosophy of science to base their theory on non-falsifiable hypothesis and reconsider the evidence when it confirms using the unfalsifiable hypothesis.
(For Popper, the Viennese philosopher, creator of "rationalism Critically, the "falsifiability" is the criterion of truth, and was temporarily admit as true what resisted refutation or falsification ")
Adolf Grünbaum believes that psychoanalysis is unfalsifiable only in the analytic situation by the circular relationship generated in the explanations of unconscious wishes. Grünbaum argues that the theory itself can be falsified and, in fact, is false.
In the decade of 60, Hans Eysenck collected and criticized all existing studies on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis. The result was that psychoanalytic treatment is not no improvement on the rate of spontaneous remission (no treatment) of the neurosis. Eysenck
said Freud was undoubtedly a genius, not science, but propaganda, no rigorous proof, but of persuasion. "
Freud is criticized by several authors also have distorted the results of their investigations. Historians and journalists have shown that there is a wide divergence between the evolution of clinical cases as Freud writes in his text and actual cases.
One of the most famous is that of Sergei Pankejeff (the Wolf Man), researched by journalist Karin Obholzer. Pankejeff suffered from a severe neurosis and recurring nightmares that she could stand on its own.
Freud interpreted the dreams of the patient and concluded that they were related to sexual trauma in childhood.
According to Freud, to inform the source of your problem, Pankejeff completely healed. However, research showed that the story was very different. Not only Pankejeff never healed, but continued being treated by other psychoanalysts until his death, and his condition worsened considerably during that time.
Pankejeff charged a monthly salary by Sigmund Freud Foundation in order to keep it hidden in Vienna for fraud not be made public.
Several feminist critics of Freud to explain to the woman as a man without a phallus and the concept of "penis envy." Sexual minorities also criticize his theory considering homosexuality a perversion.
The cultural impact of Freud's theories on psychosexual development popularized the idea of \u200b\u200bhomosexuality as a disease, increasing in the first half of the twentieth century, the internment of homosexuals in mental health institutes.
When considered a disease, both Freud and many of his followers prevented homosexuals from forming as psychoanalysts. Psychoanalytic treatment was used for several decades to try to cure homosexuality, promoting the emergence of several psychotherapies with the same objective which are based on some of their theories.
current psychiatry and other branches of psychology dismiss his work as a pseudoscience.
say he did not like either the birds or cauliflower, but he loved the dogs, who never spoke during meals and that the only dispute he had with his wife was to determine whether the mushrooms are cooked with stem or without stem. That was Sigmund Freud, one of the greatest thinkers of the late nineteenth century, whose influence has revolutionized the century, and who in 2009 turned 150 years old.
His research focused on the study of psychology in areas such as paranoia and neurosis, which gave them several publications.
As Charles Baudelaire was writing the last poems for The Flowers of Evil, in Paris, and Karl Marx had just published in the journal Die Revolution, New York, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, May 6 , 1856, was the full mediocrity of the nineteenth century, with its huge thinkers and great battles, battles whose echoes resonate to this day.
Speaking of Baudelaire, one of his poems from The Flowers of Evil anticipated and decades later what Freud would call the Unconscious: The devil is agitated at me without ceasing; / floating around me which air impalpable; / I breathe, I can feel my lungs burning / and filled with eternal desire and guilt.
In this 150 th anniversary of the birth of the "father of psychoanalysis" fields have been demarcated bluntly: by one side are the supporters of the analyst in Vienna and the other (and rising daily), its detractors. For the first
remain valid and existing theories, while for the latter the master Freud must download it from its pedestal. Feminists mock penis envy, the gay community rejects him because he regarded homosexuality as "perversion" and are increasingly asking analysts put the work of Sigmund in the field of literature.
of that size!
The division of opinion also focuses on one point: he convinced his followers as "a great scientist" who made valuable discoveries in the field of psychology. On the other hand, critics see it as "a philosopher" who rethought the concept we have of human nature, which served to break down taboos. However, they believe that their theories can not be considered science because they can not pass scrutiny.
HISTORY AND HYSTERIA. Despite
to have revolutionized the concept of sex and its role in human development, Sigmund was one man and one woman in love: the pale, delicate and insignificant (Freud dixit) Martha Bernays, whom he married in 1886.
"I know you're not beautiful," the bride tortured in his letters where collected than the sighs of love the devil appeared metallic tail: estimates of expenditures and revenues, references to how much it had cost such a gift or what had left in a patient consultation.
If it is true that "the blind gods who want to lose," also happens to enlighten those who want to win. A decisive meeting Freud occurred when he moved to Paris, thanks to a grant he obtained to study. There he met the famous neurologist JM Charcot and came into contact with his work on hysteria, a subject that attracted him deeply Sigmund.
Beside this, their analytical and inquisitive mind led him to that, at age 28, Freud came into contact with the touch of the "white lady" with cocaine. It was not a vice but scientific interest in the continued eating until 1895.
In one of his letters, Sigmund - perhaps under the influence of dust snorting exclaimed that he had found a substance that allowed him to develop long hours resent work without exhaustion.
WHITE LADY.
In this regard, researchers and Alicia Liliana Vazquez Barrile Donghi explain that in 1884 there was a meeting between Sigmund and cocaine, shortly after the introduction of the drug in the U.S. and Europe.
Freud became interested in their properties and effects, so it became "an avid user and advocate it."
He began his "experimental research on its effects on man and tried to use to stop the morphine addiction of a friend, Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow. The consequences of these experiments and the subsequent controversy, led him from their research on its action on the central nervous system, although we can infer from the interpretation of dreams was still using the drug in 1895. "
Freud's fondness for cocaine was ignored by his biographers, to the point that Ernest Jones, reduces the matter to an episode, where she had a "direct influence on the development of psychoanalysis," say the researchers. CRITICAL CRITICISM
..
As for the criticism he received Freud, is that of the teacher Karl Popper who wrote against in their work on the philosophy of science. Adolf Grünbaum considers that the theory it can be distorted and, in fact, is false.
Hans Eysenck in the sixties collected and criticized all existing studies on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis. He felt that Freud was undoubtedly a genius, not science, but propaganda, no rigorous proof, but of persuasion. "
The Case of The Wolf Man has always been a touchstone and example must for those who want to criticize Freud: Sergei Pankejeff is "Wolf Man" case was investigated by reporter Karin Obholzer. Work concluded: Pankejeff suffered from a severe neurosis and recurring nightmares that she could fend for same.
Freud interpreted the dreams of the patient and concluded that "were related to sexual trauma in childhood. According to Freud, to inform the source of your problem, Pankejeff completely healed. "
, however, who discovered the journalist was blunt: "Pankejeff never healed, but continued being treated by other psychoanalysts until his death, and his condition worsened considerably during that time." But the patient, "charged a monthly salary by Sigmund Freud Foundation in order to keep it hidden in Vienna for fraud are not made public."
Finally, if only out by a question of literature (remember the lovely book The delirium and dreams in 'Gradiva' Jensen, written in 1907) Sigmund deserve a huge monument. Freud died far from Vienna in the city of London on September 23, 1939.
1 .- The Ego and the Id and other studies of metapsychology
2 .- Interpretation of Dreams
3 .- Dreams Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis
4 .- 5 .-
art Paranoia and obsessive neurosis: two 6 .-
histories Psychopathology of everyday life
7 .- On Narcissism and Other Essays
8 .- Infantile sexuality and neurosis
9 .- Essays on the sexual life and theory of neurosis
10 .- Studies in Hysteria Hysteria
11 .- 12 .- Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
you still force his theory of psychoanalysis?
Psychologists debate the validity of the theory of the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, who was introduced in the structure of the human mind and behavior also have created a therapeutic technique to treat people with mental disorders.
The analyst Olga Martinez, a graduate of the University of the Americas, told Chronicle that Freud's theory remains valid because it gives dignity to the word and the subject.
Freud is the creator of the unconscious, what is called psychoanalysis, from this theory, the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, takes the concept and placed just at the point where we are today, said the expert.
Jacques Lacan's contributions consist of the possibility of working with psychotic and a logical time, not chronological.
is, "during therapy, the psychoanalyst lacaneana orientation makes a close because we consider the importance of the latter fact that the person must be pointed lived. This can happen in 10, 15, 30 or 40 minutes of a session" .
Olga Martinez lamented that "the science of psychoanalysis has been distorted by other sciences such as psychology which take behavioral therapies at erasing the subjectivity of the subject. "
In contrast, the clinical psychologist Yolanda Rodriguez, a graduate of the UNAM, notes that Freud's theory was revolutionary in its time, however, was today exceeded.
The most rejected at present is that referring to the infantile sexuality, argues that the main protagonist of the unconscious adult.
The father of psychoanalysis argued that certain patterns of behavior in adulthood were directly related to situations experienced during childhood, only with the mother, the psychologist explained.
In the office, "we review from childhood from our relationships with love objects: father, mother and environment. We explore how over time our neuroses arise.
Modern techniques refer to behavior management through self-hypnosis, gestalt, behavioral therapy, client-centered therapy, Fromm, and neurolinguistic programming (NLP), among others.
Yolanda Rodriguez explains that self-hypnosis and NLP are to take the patient into a state of relaxation where your conscience is clear, to move to a state of trance and modify the information we have on the right side of the brain, correcting in the unconscious.
gestalt therapy is more movement Which brings us to generate structures and behavior change through change of emotions.
AWARE: Those of our thoughts than we realize and we have perception.
subconscious: a set of thoughts that we can ignore their existence. These thoughts should not be confused with remote memories, but are rather the products of emotions that have been repressed.
* UNCONSCIOUS: Here we would fit the thoughts that can become conscious without harm to our concept of ourselves, but they are immediately.
* EGO or ME: The conscious part of our personality.
* IT: Set hidden desires and passions of our personality, generally reprehensible. Represents the dark side of ourselves.
* SUPEREGO or SUPEREGO: Part of our personality and self-concept perfectly adapted to the society in which we live, which is perfectly its rules. Often comes into conflict with it.
* EROS: One of the basic desires or passions of our nature, the desire for pleasure, especially sexual.
* TANATOS: The other desire, passion or driving force of our nature: the influence of death
* Oedipus complex: Freud all the men wanted in childhood sexually possess his mother and kill his father. In adulthood repress these desires. This concept was brought out of a Greek tragedy.
Women also fought to Freud ended well, and he also invented an "Electra complex" for them.
* DEFENSE MECHANISM: Repression is to "forget" or removed from the conscious memories or desires unacceptable, yet would affect the person of one form or another.
* SUBLIMATION: The most unacceptable desires are replaced by others that are more acceptable transformation of them. So an artist can "sublimate" (another of the defense mechanisms) by expressing their sexual desires in the act of painting. There are
Freud's theory of multiple other defense mechanisms such as denial.
Source: cronica.com.mx
Source: aimdigital.com.ar
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